The intensifying conflict between Iran and Israel has manifested itself not only in the Middle East but also in Western countries through alleged Iranian-linked assassination and abduction plots. Since 2020, a notable escalation in these incidents has been observed, with at least 33 such plots reported across Europe and the United States. These incidents have targeted individuals and institutions ranging from dissidents and journalists to Jewish and Israeli interests. One recent case in Greece involved an alleged Iranian-directed plan to attack a Jewish center and kosher restaurant in Athens. The case, based on hundreds of pages of evidence, highlights a broader trend of Iran outsourcing such activities to non-Iranian operatives, often using financial incentives to obscure its involvement.

The international response to these plots involves investigation, prosecution, and public condemnation. Countries like the United States and Israel, with their extensive intelligence networks, have played critical roles in identifying and thwarting these schemes. Organizations such as Mossad and the U.S. Department of Justice have exposed the individuals and networks involved, linking them back to Iranian entities, including the Revolutionary Guards. However, Iran has consistently denied these allegations, dismissing them as fabrications intended to divert attention from Israeli actions in Gaza and other regions. This denouncement is part of a larger narrative in which Tehran positions itself as a victim of foreign aggression while simultaneously advancing its geopolitical agenda through covert operations.

Despite the efforts of Western governments and intelligence agencies, the problem persists. One key reason is the adaptability and complexity of the networks allegedly orchestrated by Iran. These plots often involve intermediaries—hired hit men, organized criminals, and even individuals recruited under false pretenses—making it challenging to trace direct connections to the Iranian state. The use of non-Iranian operatives, such as Pakistani nationals in Greece and Eastern European criminals in the United States, demonstrates an attempt to obscure Iran’s involvement and complicate attribution. This strategy not only hinders enforcement but also prolongs the judicial processes required to hold perpetrators accountable.

The persistence of these threats also highlights significant gaps in the international response. Diplomatic considerations often lead governments to withhold public accusations against Iran, fearing potential repercussions on bilateral relations. This hesitance undermines efforts to build a unified front against state-sponsored violence. Furthermore, while intelligence agencies have successfully disrupted numerous plots, their actions remain largely reactive. By the time a plot is foiled, the intended targets have already been put at significant risk, and the networks behind these schemes remain operational.

Another area of concern is the failure to address the broader geopolitical tensions driving these plots. Iran’s actions are deeply rooted in its conflict with Israel and its desire to counter perceived U.S. influence in the region. The assassination of Iranian General Qassem Soleimani in 2020, for instance, has fueled retaliatory plots targeting American officials. Without addressing these underlying hostilities, the cycle of aggression and retribution will likely continue. Moreover, the focus on punitive measures, such as sanctions and legal actions, does little to dismantle the infrastructure enabling these operations or to address the grievances that fuel them.

To effectively counter these threats, a multifaceted approach is required—one that addresses both the operational tactics of state-sponsored violence and the geopolitical tensions underpinning them. First, there must be a greater emphasis on proactive intelligence-sharing among nations. While organizations like Mossad and the U.S. intelligence community have demonstrated effectiveness in thwarting plots, closer collaboration with European allies and international institutions can enhance the global response. Establishing a centralized database for tracking suspected operatives, methods, and networks could streamline efforts to identify and disrupt emerging threats.

Second, diplomatic efforts must be reinvigorated to address the root causes of these tensions. While the Iran-Israel conflict is deeply entrenched, incremental progress can be made through dialogue facilitated by neutral third parties. Initiatives that promote confidence-building measures, such as agreements on limiting covert operations or targeting civilians, can reduce the likelihood of escalation. Additionally, international forums, such as the United Nations, should prioritize resolutions condemning state-sponsored violence and incentivize compliance through economic and diplomatic rewards.

A critical component of this strategy is the empowerment of local communities and organizations targeted by these plots. For instance, Jewish centers, dissident groups, and other vulnerable populations should be provided with resources to enhance their security infrastructure and training. Governments can establish grants or subsidies to support these efforts, ensuring that at-risk groups are better equipped to identify and respond to potential threats.

Another avenue for innovation is the use of technology to counter disinformation and propaganda that often accompany these operations. By leveraging social media platforms and public awareness campaigns, governments and NGOs can expose the tactics and objectives of state-sponsored violence, reducing its effectiveness. Highlighting the human impact of these plots—such as the displacement of Iranian-American journalist Masih Alinejad—can galvanize public support for stronger measures against perpetrators.

Finally, international legal frameworks must be strengthened to address the outsourcing of violence to intermediaries. Existing conventions on state responsibility should be expanded to encompass the use of non-state actors in covert operations. This would provide a basis for holding countries accountable even when their direct involvement is obscured. Simultaneously, efforts should be made to expedite the judicial process for individuals implicated in such plots, ensuring timely justice for both perpetrators and victims.

By combining proactive intelligence, diplomatic engagement, community empowerment, technological innovation, and legal reform, the international community can develop a comprehensive strategy to combat state-sponsored violence. This approach not only addresses the immediate threats posed by these plots but also seeks to break the cycle of hostility and retaliation that perpetuates them. In doing so, it offers a path toward greater stability and security for all parties involved.